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18th May 2024Laravel is a robust and elegant PHP web application framework that has gained immense popularity among developers for its simplicity, versatility, and powerful features. Over the years, Laravel has become the go-to PHP framework for both big and small projects.
Prerequisites: Getting Started with Laravel
Before diving into Laravel development, we must ensure we have all the necessary tools and software installed. Here’s what we’ll need:
- PHP. Laravel runs on PHP, so the first step is to ensure you have PHP installed on your system. If you’re not sure whether PHP is installed, open a terminal or command prompt and type
php -v
. If PHP is installed, you’ll see a version number. If not, you’ll need to install it.To install PHP in your machine we have a couple of options: Local installation. You can install PHP directly on your computer. Visit the PHP downloads page to get the latest version for your operating system. Laravel Homestead. For a more streamlined setup, especially if you’re new to PHP development, consider using Laravel Homestead. Homestead is a pre-packaged Vagrant box that provides a complete development environment for Laravel. - Composer. Laravel uses Composer for dependency management. Composer is the default PHP dependency manager, and is widely used and well documented.
- Laravel Installer. Laravel can be globally installed on our system using the Laravel Installer, a convenient command-line tool that streamlines and simplifies the process of creating new Laravel projects. To install it globally on your system, follow these steps:
- Open a terminal or command prompt.Run the following Composer command:
composer global require laravel/installer
- Once installation is complete, make sure Composer’s global bin directory is in your system’s “PATH” so you can run the
laravel
command from anywhere.If you prefer a more lightweight alternative to Homestead, you might consider Laravel Herd. Herd is a Docker-based local development environment specifically tailored for Laravel projects.
By setting up your development environment with PHP, Composer, and the Laravel Installer (or exploring options like Homestead or Herd), you’ll be well-prepared to embark on your Laravel journey. In the following sections, we’ll go through the process of creating a new Laravel project, exploring its directory structure, and configuring the development environment.
Setting Up a New Laravel Project
Now that we have our development environment ready, it’s time to create a new Laravel project. To create a new, “empty” project, we can use the following terminal command:
composer create-project --prefer-dist laravel/laravel project-name
project-name
should be replaced with the actual project name. This command will download the latest version of Laravel and set up a new project directory with all the necessary files and dependencies.
Directory Structure: Navigating A Laravel Project
Upon creating a new Laravel project, we’ll find ourselves in a well-organized directory structure. Understanding this structure is crucial for effective Laravel development. Here are some of the key directories and their purposes:
- app. This directory houses our application’s core logic, including controllers, models, and service providers.
- bootstrap. Laravel’s bootstrapping and configuration files reside here.
- config. Configuration files for various components of our application can be found here, allowing us to find and customize settings like database connections and services from a single point in the project.
- Database. In this directory, we’ll define our database migrations and seeds to be used by Laravel’s Eloquent ORM. Eloquent simplifies database management.
- public. Publicly accessible assets like CSS, JavaScript, and images belong here. This directory also contains the entry point for our application, the
index.php
file. - resources. Our application’s raw, uncompiled assets, such as Blade templates, Sass, and JavaScript, are stored here.
- routes. Laravel’s routing configuration is managed in this directory.
- storage. Temporary and cache files, as well as logs, are stored here.
- vendor. Composer manages our project’s dependencies in this directory. All downloaded libraries will be in this directory.
Configuration: Database Setup and Environment Variables
To configure our database connection, we need to open the .env
file in the project’s root directory. Here, we can specify the database type, host, username, password, and database name. Thanks to Eloquent ORM, Laravel supports multiple database connections, making it versatile for various project requirements.
Understanding the .env file
The .env
file is where we define environment-specific configuration values, such as database connection details, API keys, and other settings. Let’s take a look at a simple example of what you might find in a .env
file:
DB_CONNECTION=mysql
DB_HOST=127.0.0.1
DB_PORT=3306
DB_DATABASE=my_database
DB_USERNAME=my_username
DB_PASSWORD=my_password
In this example:
DB_CONNECTION
specifies the type of database driver we’re using (such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite).DB_HOST
specifies the host where our database server is located.DB_PORT
specifies the port on which the database server is running.DB_DATABASE
specifies the name of the database we want to connect to.DB_USERNAME
andDB_PASSWORD
specify the username and password required to access the database.
Using environment variables
It’s crucial to keep sensitive information like database credentials secure. Laravel encourages the use of environment variables to achieve this. Instead of hardcoding our credentials in the .env
file, we can reference them in our configuration files.
For example, in our Laravel configuration files (located in the config/
directory), we can reference the database configuration like this:
'mysql' => [
'driver' => env('DB_CONNECTION', 'mysql'),
'host' => env('DB_HOST', '127.0.0.1'),
'port' => env('DB_PORT', '3306'),
'database' => env('DB_DATABASE', 'forge'),
'username' => env('DB_USERNAME', 'forge'),
'password' => env('DB_PASSWORD', ''),
// ...
],
Here, the env()
function retrieves the value of the specified environment variable from the .env
file. If the variable isn’t found, it falls back to a default value provided as the second argument.
By using configuration files, we can store sensitive data in a more secure location and easily switch configurations between environments (like development and production).
With our Laravel project created, directories organized, and database configured, we’re ready to start building our web application. In the following sections, we’ll focus on routing, controllers, and working with Blade templates for our frontend views.
Routing, Controllers, and Views: The Heart of Your Laravel Application
In Laravel, routing, controllers, and views work together to handle HTTP requests and render dynamic web pages. Understanding these concepts is essential for creating web applications with Laravel.
In a nutshell, HTTP requests are received by the router, which then knows which controller should handle the action. The controller is responsible for processing the information and showing the processed information through views.
Routing
In Laravel, we can define routes in the routes/web.php
file. A basic route definition looks like this:
Route::get('/welcome', function () {
return view('welcome');
});
This example sets up a route that, when accessed, returns the welcome
view. Routes can also be used to call controller actions, as we mentioned above, allowing us to organize the code more efficiently.
Creating a controller
Controllers serve as the bridge between our routes and the logic of our application. To create a controller, we can use the make:controller
command:
php artisan make:controller YourControllerName
Our new controller contains methods that correspond to different actions in our application, such as displaying a page or processing form data.
Views and Blade templates
Views in Laravel are responsible for presenting our application’s data to users. Out of the box, Laravel uses a templating engine called Blade, which simplifies the creation of dynamic, reusable views. Here’s an example of rendering a view in a controller method:
public function index()
{
$data = ['name' => 'John'];
return view('welcome', $data);
}
In this example, the welcome
view is rendered with data, in this case, 'name'
is passed into it.
Blade is a very powerful templating engine that allows for the creation of dynamic content through conditional statements, loops, and so on.
Database Migration and Seeding
Laravel’s database migration and seeding system allows us to define our database schema and populate it with initial data. We can look at migrations as version-controlled database changes, and seeding as the process of adding sample data.
Migrations and seeding are super powerful concepts that allow for database consistency across environments.
To create a migration, we can use the make:migration
command:
php artisan make:migration create_table_name
We can then edit the generated migration file to define our table structure, and then use Artisan to run the migration:
php artisan migrate
Seeding is often used to populate tables with initial data for testing and development. To create seeders we can use the make:seeder
command and run them with:
php artisan db:seed
Creating Models for Database Interaction
Laravel’s Eloquent ORM simplifies database interactions by allowing us to work with databases as if they were objects. To create a model, we use the make:model
command:
php artisan make:model YourModelName
Define the table and relationships in the model to enable easy data retrieval and manipulation. For example, to retrieve all records from a users
table:
$users = YourModelName::all();
Armed with all this knowledge, incorporating routing, controllers, views, database migration, seeding, and models, we’re well on our way to building dynamic web applications with Laravel. In the next sections, we’ll delve deeper into creating a simple CRUD application and exploring more advanced Laravel features.
Creating a Simple CRUD Application in Laravel
Let’s take our Laravel journey to the next level by building a CRUD application — in this case, a simple book registration application, where we can create, read, update, and delete books. This hands-on exercise will help us understand how to implement CRUD operations in Laravel.
For the sake of the size of this article, we’ll focus on creating only the initial page of the application, so it’s up to you to finish this application!
Step 1: Create a migration for the books table
To generate a migration for the books
table, let’s use the following command:
php artisan make:migration create_books_table
This command generates a migration file for creating the books
table in the database. Next, edit the generated migration file we just created (database/migrations/YYYY_MM_DD_create_books_table.php
) to define the table structure:
use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
class CreateBooksTable extends Migration
{
public function up()
{
Schema::create('books', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->id();
$table->string('title');
$table->string('author');
$table->timestamps();
});
}
public function down()
{
Schema::dropIfExists('books');
}
}
In this migration file, we define the structure of the books
table, including its columns (id
, title
, author
, timestamps
). Then we want to run the migration to create the table:
php artisan migrate
This command executes the migration file and creates the books
table in the database.
Step 2: Create a seeder for the books table
Next, we want to generate a seeder for the books
table to populate it with some initial data:
php artisan make:seeder BooksTableSeeder
This command generates a seeder file for populating the books
table with initial data.
Edit the seeder file (database/seeders/BooksTableSeeder.php
) to define sample book data:
use Illuminate\Database\Seeder;
class BooksTableSeeder extends Seeder
{
public function run()
{
DB::table('books')->insert([
['title' => 'Book 1', 'author' => 'Author A'],
['title' => 'Book 2', 'author' => 'Author B'],
['title' => 'Book 3', 'author' => 'Author C'],
]);
}
}
In this seeder file, we define sample book data that will be inserted into the books
table. In this particular case we are creating books from 1 to 3 and authors from A to C.
Run the seeder to populate the books
table:
php artisan db:seed --class=BooksTableSeeder
This command executes the seeder file and populates the books
table with the defined sample data.
Step 3: Create a controller
Generate a controller for managing books:
php artisan make:controller BookController
This command generates a controller file (BookController.php
) that contains methods for handling CRUD operations related to books. With the controller created, let’s focus on implementing CRUD methods in the BookController
. It’s located in app/Http/Controllers/BookController.php
:
use App\Book; // Import the Book model
public function index()
{
$books = Book::all();
return view('books.index', compact('books'));
}
public function create()
{
return view('books.create');
}
public function store(Request $request)
{
$book = new Book;
$book->title = $request->input('title');
$book->author = $request->input('author');
$book->save();
return redirect()->route('books.index');
}
// Implement edit, update, show, and delete methods similarly
In this controller file, we define methods for handling CRUD operations related to books. For example, the index
method retrieves all books from the database and passes them to the index
view, while the store
method creates a new book record based on the data submitted through a form. The create()
method is responsible for displaying the form for creating a new book record. When a user navigates to the route associated with this method, Laravel will execute this function and return a view called books.create
.
Step 4: Create views
Create views for listing, creating, and editing books in the resources/views
folder.
Example View (create.blade.php
):
@extends('layout')
@section('content')
<h1>Create a New Book</h1>
<form method="POST" action="{{ route('books.store') }}">
@csrf
<div class="form-group">
<label for="title">Title</label>
<input type="text" name="title" class="form-control" id="title" placeholder="Enter book title">
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="author">Author</label>
<input type="text" name="author" class="form-control" id="author" placeholder="Enter author name">
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Submit</button>
</form>
<a href="{{ route('books.index') }}">Back to the list</a>
@endsection
In this example, the create
view contains a form for adding a new book. The form submits data to the store
method of the BookController
. The @csrf
directive generates a CSRF token to protect against cross-site request forgery.
With this example, you should be able to implement the controller’s methods and views for the rest of the CRUD operations by yourself, so get to work!
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